IRAQ
Area—comparative: slightly more than twice the size of Idaho
Coastline: 58 km
Climate: mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
Terrain: mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
Environment—current issues: government water control projects
have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by
drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population
of Shi'a Muslims, who have inhabited these areas for thousands of years,
has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat
poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies
of potable water; development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent
upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air and water pollution;
soil degradation (salinization) and erosion; desertification
Age structure:
0-14 years: 44% (male 4,865,820; female 4,711,791)
15-64 years: 53% (male 5,794,336; female 5,662,163)
65 years and over: 3% (male 320,672; female 367,505) (July 1998
est.)
Population growth rate: 3.2% (1998 est.)
Birth rate: 38.58 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Death rate: 6.57 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)
Infant mortality rate: 62.41 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 66.52 years
male: 65.54 years
female: 67.56 years (1998 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.23 children born/woman (1998 est.)
Ethnic groups: Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Religions: Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3%
Languages: Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 58%
male: 70.7%
female: 45% (1995 est.)
Independence: 3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 17 July (1968)
Constitution: 22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (provisional Constitution); new constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal
Political parties and leaders: Ba'th Party, SADDAM Husayn, central
party leader
GDP—real growth rate: 0% (1997 est.)
GDP—composition by sector:
agriculture: NA%
industry: NA%
services: NA%
Agriculture—products: wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, other fruit, cotton; cattle, sheep
Exports: $NA
commodities: crude oil
partners: Jordan, Turkey (1996)
Imports: $NA
commodities: manufactures, food
partners: France, Turkey, Jordan, Vietnam, Australia (1996)
Debt—external: very heavy relative to GDP but amount unknown
(1996)
Military manpower—fit for military service:
males: 2,941,014 (1998 est.)
Military expenditures—dollar figure: $NA
Military expenditures—percent of GDP: NA%